Country Profile: Djibouti
Djibouti, strategically located at the junction of the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden, is a small yet significant country in Eastern Africa. With a population of over one million, the nation is predominantly comprised of Somali and Afar ethnic groups. Its economy is largely driven by trade through its ports, which handle a substantial portion of Ethiopia's import and export activities, while military bases contribute to its economic framework. Governed as a presidential republic, Djibouti has seen both political stability and unrest since its independence from France in 1977, with a notable history of ethnic tensions.
Geography
Djibouti's geographical positioning is crucial, bordering the Gulf of Aden and the Red Sea. The country features a predominantly desert climate with a mix of coastal plains, plateaus, and mountainous terrain. The lowest point in Africa, Lac Assal, and the highest peak, Moussa Ali, contribute to Djibouti's diverse topography.
- 23,200 sq km: Total area, slightly smaller than New Jersey.
- 314 km: Coastline along the Gulf of Aden.
- 528 km: Total land boundaries shared with Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Somalia.
People and Society
The population of Djibouti is estimated at over one million, with a dense urban concentration in the capital, Djibouti City. The society is primarily composed of ethnic Somalis and Afars, with Islam being the predominant religion. The demographic profile indicates a youthful population with a significant portion under the age of 15.
- 1,013,703: Population estimate for 2025.
- 28.4%: Percentage of the population aged 0-14 years.
- 94%: Sunni Muslim population.
Economy
Djibouti's economy is known for its reliance on food imports and its strategic significance as a trade hub for Ethiopia. The service sector dominates, fueled by port operations and military installations. The recent years have witnessed steady economic growth and increased trade relations, particularly with Ethiopia and China.
- $7.995 billion: Real GDP (PPP) estimate for 2024.
- 75.5%: Contribution of the service sector to GDP in 2024.
- 25.9%: Unemployment rate estimate for 2024.
Government
Djibouti operates as a presidential republic, with a political history marked by a one-party system transitioning to multiparty elections. The president holds significant power, having been in office since 1999, while recent elections have faced criticism for lack of transparency.
- President: Ismail Omar GUELLEH, since May 1999.
- Legislature: National Assembly with 65 elected members.
- Independence: Achieved from France on June 27, 1977.
Military and Security
Djibouti's military comprises its armed forces and national police, focusing on counterterrorism and border security. The strategic military presence includes bases from various countries, contributing to regional stability efforts.
- 10,000-12,000: Estimated active military personnel.
- 3.5% of GDP: Military expenditures in 2019.
- 1,500: Djibouti's military deployment in Somalia (2025).
Energy
The energy sector in Djibouti is evolving, with an increasing reliance on renewable sources while still being significantly dependent on fossil fuels. Electricity access varies between urban and rural areas, with ongoing efforts to improve the overall infrastructure.
- 65%: Overall electrification rate of the population (2022).
- 210,000 kW: Total installed electricity generating capacity (2023).
- 584.997 million kWh: Total electricity consumption (2023).
Environment
Djibouti faces various environmental challenges, including limited access to potable water, deforestation, and desertification. The natural resources are under strain, but the country is a signatory to multiple international environmental agreements aimed at addressing these issues.
- 14.9%: Percentage of municipal solid waste recycled (2022).
- 300 million cubic meters: Total renewable water resources (2022).
- 685,000 metric tonnes: Total CO2 emissions (2023).
Transportation
Djibouti has a well-developed transportation network that includes roads, railways, and a significant number of aircraft. Its ports are vital for regional trade, primarily servicing Ethiopian imports and exports.
- 10: Number of airports (2025).
- 97 km: Length of railways, part of the Addis Ababa-Djibouti railway.
- 40: Total vessels in the merchant marine (2023).
Communications
Telecommunications in Djibouti are evolving, with a growing number of mobile and internet subscriptions. The country has a limited number of media outlets, primarily state-owned.
- 559,000: Mobile cellular subscriptions (2023).
- 65%: Internet user penetration rate (2023).
- 28,700: Fixed-line telephone subscriptions (2023).
Key Metrics
| Metric | Value | Note |
|---|---|---|
| Population | 1,013,703 | 2025 estimate |
| Area | 23,200 sq km | Total area |
| GDP (PPP) | $7.995 billion | 2024 estimate |
| Unemployment Rate | 25.9% | 2024 estimate |
| Electricity Access | 65% | Electrification rate (2022) |
| Birth Rate | 21.46 births/1,000 population | 2025 estimate |
| Life Expectancy | 65.9 years | 2024 estimate |
| Military Expenditures | 3.5% of GDP | 2019 estimate |
| Total Renewable Water Resources | 300 million cubic meters | 2022 estimate |
| CO2 Emissions | 685,000 metric tonnes | 2023 estimate |
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