Country Profile: Heard Island and McDonald Islands
Heard Island and McDonald Islands are uninhabited territories located in the Indian Ocean, characterized by their dramatic landscapes and extreme weather. Governed by Australia, these islands are primarily utilized for scientific research due to their unique ecosystems and geological features. The economy is minimal, with fishing allowed in surrounding waters, while the environment is dominated by the active volcano Mawson Peak on Heard Island, making it a significant natural heritage site.
Geography
Heard Island and McDonald Islands are situated in the Indian Ocean, approximately two-thirds of the way from Madagascar to Antarctica. The total land area is 412 sq km, with the terrain being largely dominated by ice and mountainous features, including the active volcano Mawson Peak which reaches 2,745 m. The islands enjoy a cool, antartic climate, contributing to their unique biodiversity.
- 101.9 km of coastline
- 0 km land boundaries
- 12 nm maritime territorial sea
- 200 nm exclusive fishing zone
- 80% of Heard Island is ice-covered
- 1992 was the year McDonald Island emerged from dormancy as an active volcano
People and Society
The islands are currently uninhabited, with the only presence being periodic scientific research teams and expeditions. This lack of permanent population underscores their status as a remote and specialized area, valued primarily for research purposes rather than habitation.
- Active research is conducted sporadically
- Known for rich biodiversity including various bird species and marine life
Economy
There is minimal economic activity due to the uninhabited status of the islands. Limited fishing is permitted in the surrounding waters, but overall, the economy is largely focused on scientific research rather than traditional economic development.
Government
Heard Island and McDonald Islands are a territory of Australia, administered from Canberra through the Australian Antarctic Division. The laws of Australia apply here, and the Australian flag is used as the national flag. The islands were designated as a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1997 for their natural heritage significance.
- Dependency status: Territory of Australia
- 1 World Heritage Site designated: Heard Island and McDonald Islands
- No diplomatic representation in the US, as they are administered by Australia
Military and Security
Defense responsibilities for Heard Island and McDonald Islands lie with Australia, hinting at the strategic importance of the islands despite their uninhabited status.
Energy
Information on energy consumption and resources specific to Heard Island and McDonald Islands is not available, reflecting their limited human activity and development.
Environment
The islands possess a unique Antarctic climate with completely undeveloped land, noted for its pristine natural environment. There is 0% agricultural land use, highlighting the islands' focus on conservation and research.
Transportation
Currently, the islands have 2 heliports as of 2025, indicative of the logistical arrangements in place for scientific expeditions and research activities.
Communications
Heard Island and McDonald Islands utilize the internet country code .hm, although connectivity is likely limited due to their remote nature.
Key Metrics
| Metric | Value | Note |
|---|---|---|
| Population | Uninhabited | No permanent residents |
| Area | 412 sq km | Total land area |
| Dependency | Territory of Australia | Governed from Canberra |
| Highest Point | 2,745 m (Mawson Peak) | Tallest Australian mountain |
| Heritage Site | 1 | UNESCO World Heritage Site |
| Coastline | 101.9 km | Length of coast |
| Heliports | 2 | Available as of 2025 |
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