Country Profile: Jamaica
Jamaica is an island nation located in the Caribbean Sea, characterized by a tropical climate and mountainous terrain. With an estimated population of approximately 2.8 million, the country has a vibrant culture shaped by its diverse ethnic heritage. The economy, classified as upper-middle-income, is heavily reliant on agriculture and tourism, although it faces challenges such as high crime rates and youth unemployment. Governance is established as a parliamentary democracy under a constitutional monarchy, reflecting its historical ties to the United Kingdom.
Geography
Jamaica is situated in the Caribbean, south of Cuba, and is the third largest island in the region. It covers an area of about 10,991 square kilometers, with a diverse landscape that includes mountains and a narrow coastal plain. The island features a tropical climate characterized by hot and humid weather, with a risk of hurricanes from July to November.
- Coastline: 1,022 km
- Highest Point: Blue Mountain Peak at 2,256 m
- Natural Resources: Bauxite, alumina, gypsum, limestone
- Urbanization: 57.4% of the population lives in urban areas (2023)
People and Society
Jamaica has a population of approximately 2,823,713 as of 2024, with a demographic majority of Black individuals (92.1%). The country boasts a rich linguistic culture, primarily speaking English and Jamaican Patois. The population is relatively young, with a median age of 30.9 years, and the society reflects a mixture of religious beliefs, predominantly Protestant.
- Urban Population: 57.4% (2023)
- Life Expectancy: 76.3 years (2024)
- Literacy Rate: 90.8% among females (2022)
- Birth Rate: 15.6 births per 1,000 population (2024)
Economy
Jamaica's economy is classified as upper-middle-income and relies significantly on agriculture and tourism. Recent years have seen efforts to reduce public debt and stabilize inflation, although challenges persist due to crime and youth unemployment. The GDP (PPP) is estimated at $29.13 billion for 2024, with significant contributions from the services sector.
- GDP (PPP): $29.13 billion (2024)
- Unemployment Rate: 4.9% (2024)
- Remittances: 17.9% of GDP (2024)
- Exports: $7.124 billion (2024)
Government
Jamaica operates as a parliamentary democracy under a constitutional monarchy, with King Charles III as the head of state. The country gained independence from the UK on August 6, 1962. The Jamaican Parliament consists of a bicameral system with a House of Representatives and a Senate, responsible for legislative matters.
- Capital: Kingston
- Suffrage: Universal at 18 years of age
- Last Election: House of Representatives on September 3, 2025
- Number of Parishes: 14
Military and Security
The Jamaica Defense Force (JDF) is responsible for national defense and internal security, working alongside the Jamaica Constabulary Force (JCF). The military is primarily volunteer-based, with mandatory service ages ranging from 18-23. Efforts are made to engage in international training exercises to enhance skills and capabilities.
- Active Personnel: Approximately 4,000 (2025)
- Military Expenditures: 1.4% of GDP (2024)
- Military Service Age: 18-23 for voluntary service
Energy
Jamaica has achieved 100% electrification for its total population. The energy landscape is dominated by fossil fuels, comprising 87.1% of the total installed generating capacity. The country aims to diversify its energy sources, incorporating renewable energy options.
- Installed Capacity: 1.242 million kW (2023)
- Electricity Consumption: 3.301 billion kWh (2023)
- Natural Gas Consumption: 822.549 million cubic meters (2023)
Environment
The environmental issues facing Jamaica include deforestation, coral reef damage, and pollution from industrial activities. The country is a party to multiple international environmental agreements aimed at addressing climate change and conservation efforts.
- Forest Area: 56.2% of land (2023)
- Carbon Dioxide Emissions: 7.89 million metric tonnes (2023)
- Municipal Solid Waste Generated: 1.052 million tons (2024)
Transportation
Jamaica has an extensive transportation infrastructure that includes 20 airports and 11 major ports. The civil aircraft registration code is 6Y, indicating its international aviation presence. The island's transportation network supports both domestic connectivity and tourism.
- Total Airports: 20 (2025)
- Merchant Marine: 40 vessels (2023)
- Total Ports: 11 (2024)
Communications
Jamaica has a developing communications sector with a high rate of mobile cellular subscriptions and internet user penetration. The country aims to improve its digital infrastructure through various initiatives.
- Internet Users: 83% of the population (2023)
- Mobile Cellular Subscriptions: 3.27 million (2023)
- Fixed Telephone Subscriptions: 459,000 (2023)
Key Metrics
| Metric | Value | Note |
|---|---|---|
| Population | 2,823,713 | 2024 estimate |
| Area | 10,991 sq km | |
| GDP (Purchasing Power) | $29.13 billion | 2024 estimate |
| Unemployment Rate | 4.9% | 2024 estimate |
| Birth Rate | 15.6 births/1,000 population | 2024 estimate |
| Life Expectancy | 76.3 years | 2024 estimate |
| Literacy Rate | 90.8% | Female (2022 estimate) |
| Energy Consumption | 3.301 billion kWh | 2023 estimate |
| Total Fertility Rate | 2.05 children/woman | 2024 estimate |
| Military Expenditures | 1.4% of GDP | 2024 estimate |
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